TA的每日心情 | 奋斗 2021-11-19 13:15 |
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签到天数: 20 天 连续签到: 1 天 [LV.4]偶尔看看III
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在这一篇中讲述裁剪(Clipping)与遮蔽(Masking)。
裁剪
在下面的示例中,对一幅图像进行裁剪。
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| #include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <math.h>
cairo_surface_t *image;
static gboolean
on_expose_event(GtkWidget *widget,
GdkEventExpose *event,
gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
static gint pos_x = 128;
static gint pos_y = 128;
gint radius = 40;
static gint delta[] = { 3, 3 };
cr = gdk_cairo_create(widget->window);
gint width, height;
gtk_window_get_size(GTK_WINDOW(widget), &width, &height);
if (pos_x < 0 + radius) {
delta[0] = rand() % 4 + 5;
} else if (pos_x > width - radius) {
delta[0] = -(rand() % 4 + 5);
}
if (pos_y < 0 + radius) {
delta[1] = rand() % 4 + 5;
} else if (pos_y > height - radius) {
delta[1] = -(rand() % 4 + 5);
}
pos_x += delta[0];
pos_y += delta[1];
cairo_set_source_surface(cr, image, 1, 1);
cairo_arc(cr, pos_x, pos_y, radius, 0, 2*M_PI);
cairo_clip(cr);
cairo_paint(cr);
cairo_destroy(cr);
return FALSE;
}
static gboolean
time_handler (GtkWidget *widget)
{
if (widget->window == NULL) return FALSE;
gtk_widget_queue_draw(widget);
return TRUE;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window;
gint width, height;
image = cairo_image_surface_create_from_png("turnacastle.png");
width = cairo_image_surface_get_width(image);
height = cairo_image_surface_get_height(image);
gtk_init(&argc, &argv);
window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK(on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy",
G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);
gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), width+2, height+2);
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE);
gtk_widget_show_all(window);
g_timeout_add(100, (GSourceFunc) time_handler, (gpointer) window);
gtk_main();
cairo_surface_destroy(image);
return 0;
}
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在这一示例中,在窗口中会有一个圆形区域不断移动,并且在该区域显示位于其下的图像,仿佛是通过一个孔洞观看图像。
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| if (pos_x < 0 + radius) {
delta[0] = rand() % 4 + 5;
} else if (pos_x > width - radius) {
delta[0] = -(rand() % 4 + 5);
}
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当这个圆形区域碰到窗口边界,它的移动方向就会随机改变。
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| cairo_set_source_surface(cr, image, 1, 1);
cairo_arc(cr, pos_x, pos_y, radius, 0, 2*M_PI);
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这里是绘制一幅图像和一个圆。注意:这时,图形尚未绘制到窗口中,它们还在内存里。
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cairo_clip() 函数设定裁剪域——当前所用的路径,即 cairo_arc() 函数所创建的路径。
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cairo_paint() 函数绘制当前落入裁剪域中的源。
裁剪矩形
下面这个示例是对一个 Java 2D 示例的模拟。
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| #include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <math.h>
static gboolean
on_expose_event(GtkWidget *widget,
GdkEventExpose *event,
gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
cr = gdk_cairo_create(widget->window);
static gboolean xdirection = TRUE;
static gint counter = 0;
int width, height;
gtk_window_get_size(GTK_WINDOW(widget), &width, &height);
static gdouble rotate = 0;
static gint bigx = 20;
static gint bigy = 200;
static gint delta = 1;
counter += 1;
if (bigx > width) {
xdirection = FALSE;
delta = -delta;
bigx = width;
}
if (bigx < 1) {
bigx = 1;
delta = -delta;
}
if (bigy > height) {
xdirection = TRUE;
delta = -delta;
bigy = height;
}
if (bigy < 1) {
delta = -delta;
bigy = 1;
}
if (xdirection) {
bigx += delta;
} else {
bigy += delta;
}
cairo_translate(cr, width / 2, height /2);
cairo_rectangle(cr, -bigx/2, -bigy/2, bigx-2, bigy-2);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0, 0, 0);
cairo_set_line_width(cr, 1);
cairo_stroke(cr);
cairo_rotate(cr, rotate);
rotate += 0.01;
cairo_rectangle(cr, -50, -25, 100, 50);
cairo_stroke(cr);
GdkRectangle bigrect;
GdkRectangle rect;
GdkRectangle intersect;
bigrect.x = -bigx/2;
bigrect.y = -bigy/2;
bigrect.width = bigx -2;
bigrect.height = bigy -2;
rect.x = -50;
rect.y = -25;
rect.width = 100;
rect.height = 50;
gdk_rectangle_intersect(&bigrect, &rect, &intersect);
cairo_rectangle(cr, intersect.x, intersect.y, intersect.width, intersect.height);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_destroy(cr);
return FALSE;
}
static gboolean
time_handler (GtkWidget *widget)
{
if (widget->window == NULL) return FALSE;
gtk_widget_queue_draw(widget);
return TRUE;
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init(&argc, &argv);
window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK(on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy",
G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);
gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 250, 200);
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE);
gtk_widget_show_all(window);
g_timeout_add(5, (GSourceFunc) time_handler, (gpointer) window);
gtk_main();
return 0;
}
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在这个示例中,绘制了两个矩形,一个是形状大一些的,一个是在旋转的。大点的那个矩形,持续的在进行形状的缩放,小一点的一直在旋转。在两个矩形的运动过程中进行了交集操作,它们的相交区域用黑色区域来绘制。注意:那个相交区域并非恰好是矩形,只是为了简化,将那个区域用矩形近似替代。
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| static gboolean xdirection = TRUE;
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这个变量决定了那个大一些的矩形的运动方向。
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| if (bigx > width) {
xdirection = FALSE;
delta = -delta;
bigx = width;
}
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如果那个大的矩形,其宽度增长到与窗口的宽度相等时,就开始收缩,同时矩形开始沿 y 方向收缩。
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| cairo_rotate(cr, rotate);
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cairo_rotate() 函数用来旋转那个小一点的矩形。
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| GdkRectangle bigrect;
GdkRectangle rect;
GdkRectangle intersect;
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这里定义了三个矩形区域。insersect 是那两个矩形的相交区域。
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| gdk_rectangle_intersect(&bigrect, &rect, &intersect);
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这个函数可完成矩形相交运算。
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| cairo_rectangle(cr, intersect.x, intersect.y, intersect.width, intersect.height);
cairo_fill(cr);
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绘制相交区域的矩形。
遮蔽
因为在源被用于外观之前,首先要被过滤。遮蔽可作为一种过滤器。遮蔽用于决定源的哪部分要被显示,哪部分不可被显示。遮蔽的不透明部分允许将源复制到外观,透明部分则不允许将源复制给外观。
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| #include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
static gboolean
on_expose_event(GtkWidget *widget,
GdkEventExpose *event,
gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
cairo_surface_t *surface;
cr = gdk_cairo_create(widget->window);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0, 0, 0);
surface = cairo_image_surface_create_from_png("omen.png");
cairo_mask_surface(cr, surface, 0, 0);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_surface_destroy(surface);
cairo_destroy(cr);
return FALSE;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init(&argc, &argv);
window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK(on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy",
G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);
gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 305, 100);
gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "mask");
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE);
gtk_widget_show_all(window);
gtk_main();
return 0;
}
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这个小例子清楚的展示了遮蔽的基本思想。
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| surface = cairo_image_surface_create_from_png("omen.png");
cairo_mask_surface(cr, surface, 0, 0);
cairo_fill(cr);
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这里,是用了一幅图像作为遮蔽,然后在窗口中显示它。
原文地址:http://liyanrui.is-programmer.com/2010/4/5/cairo-masking-and-clipping.16579.html
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